One of the biggest challenges to getting started with embedded devices is that you
-just can't install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
+cannot just install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
Even if you did remember to install a compiler and every development tool offered,
-you still wouldn't have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
+you still would not have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
The embedded device represents an entirely new hardware platform, which is
-incompatible with the hardware on your development machine, so in a process called
+most of the time incompatible with the hardware on your development machine, so in a process called
cross compiling you need to produce a new compiler capable of generating code for
your embedded platform, and then use it to compile a basic Linux distribution to
run on your device.
-The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it's not something that's
-regularly attempted and so the there's a certain amount of mystery and black magic
-associated with it. In many cases when you're dealing with embedded devices you'll
+The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it is not something that is
+regularly attempted and so there is a certain amount of mystery and black magic
+associated with it. In many cases when you are dealing with embedded devices you will
be provided with a binary copy of a compiler and basic libraries rather than
-instructions for creating your own -- it's a time saving step but at the same time
-often means you'll be using a rather dated set. Likewise, it's also common to be
-provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,
+instructions for creating your own -- it is a time saving step but at the same time
+often means you will be using a rather dated set of tools. Likewise, it is also common
+to be provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,
but this is also dated and it can be difficult to spot exactly what has been
-changed to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.
+modified to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.
\subsection{Building an image}
-OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware, downloading, patching
-and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. Or to put it
-in simpler terms, OpenWrt doesn't contain any executables or even sources, it's an
+OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware; downloading, patching
+and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. To put it
+in simpler terms, OpenWrt does not contain any executables or even sources, it is an
automated system for downloading the sources, patching them to work with the given
-platform and compiling them correctly for the platform. What this means is that
+platform and compiling them correctly for that platform. What this means is that
just by changing the template, you can change any step in the process.
-
As an example, if a new kernel is released, a simple change to one of the Makefiles
will download the latest kernel, patch it to run on the embedded platform and produce
-a new firmware image -- there's no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified
+a new firmware image -- there is no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified
copy of the existing kernel to see what changes had been made, the patches are
-already provided and the process ends up almost completely transparent. This doesn't
-just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It's this one
+already provided and the process ends up almost completely transparent. This does not
+just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It is this one
simple understated concept which is what allows OpenWrt to stay on the bleeding edge
with the latest compilers, latest kernels and latest applications.
-So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works
+So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works.
-\subsubsection{Download openwrt}
+\subsubsection{Download OpenWrt}
This article refers to the "Kamikaze" branch of OpenWrt, which can be downloaded via
subversion using the following command:
\begin{Verbatim}
-svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze
+$ svn checkout https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze
\end{Verbatim}
-Additionally, there's a trac interface on \href{https://dev.openwrt.org/}{https://dev.openwrt.org/}
-which can be used to monitor svn commits and browse the sources.
+Additionally, there is a trac interface on \href{https://dev.openwrt.org/}{https://dev.openwrt.org/}
+which can be used to monitor svn commits and browse the source repository.
\subsubsection{The directory structure}
There are four key directories in the base:
\begin{itemize}
- \item tools
- \item toolchain
- \item package
- \item target
+ \item \texttt{tools}
+ \item \texttt{toolchain}
+ \item \texttt{package}
+ \item \texttt{target}
\end{itemize}
\texttt{tools} and \texttt{toolchain} refer to common tools which will be
-used to build the firmware image and the compiler and c library.
-The result of this is three new directories, \texttt{tool\_build}, which is a temporary
-directory for building the target independent tools, \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
+used to build the firmware image, the compiler, and the C library.
+The result of this is three new directories, \texttt{build\_dir/host}, which is a temporary
+directory for building the target independent tools, \texttt{build\_dir/toolchain-\textit{<arch>}*}
which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and
-\texttt{staging\_dir\_\textit{<arch>}} where the resulting toolchain is installed.
-You won't need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to
+\texttt{staging\_dir/toolchain-\textit{<arch>}*} where the resulting toolchain is installed.
+You will not need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to
add a new version of one of the components above.
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{build\_dir/host}
+ \item \texttt{build\_dir/toolchain-\textit{<arch>}*}
+\end{itemize}
+
\texttt{package} is for exactly that -- packages. In an OpenWrt firmware, almost everything
is an \texttt{.ipk}, a software package which can be added to the firmware to provide new
-features or removed to save space.
+features or removed to save space. Note that packages are also maintained outside of the main
+trunk and can be obtained from subversion using the package feeds system:
+
+\begin{Verbatim}
+$ ./scripts/feeds update
+\end{Verbatim}
+
+Those packages can be used to extend the functionality of the build system and need to be
+symlinked into the main trunk. Once you do that, the packages will show up in the menu for
+configuration. From kamikaze you would do something like this:
+
+\begin{Verbatim}
+$ ./scripts/feeds search nmap
+Search results in feed 'packages':
+nmap Network exploration and/or security auditing utility
+
+$ ./scripts/feeds install nmap
+\end{Verbatim}
+
+To include all packages, issue the following command:
+
+\begin{Verbatim}
+$ make package/symlinks
+\end{Verbatim}
\texttt{target} refers to the embedded platform, this contains items which are specific to
a specific embedded platform. Of particular interest here is the "\texttt{target/linux}"
-directory which is broken down by platform and contains the kernel config and patches
-to the kernel for a particular platform. There's also the "\texttt{target/image}" directory
+directory which is broken down by platform \textit{<arch>} and contains the patches to the
+kernel, profile config, for a particular platform. There's also the "\texttt{target/image}" directory
which describes how to package a firmware for a specific platform.
-Both the target and package steps will use the directory "\texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}"
+Both the target and package steps will use the directory "\texttt{build\_
dir/\textit{<arch>}}"
as a temporary directory for compiling. Additionally, anything downloaded by the toolchain,
target or package steps will be placed in the "\texttt{dl}" directory.
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{build\_dir/\textit{<arch>}}
+ \item \texttt{dl}
+\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{Building OpenWrt}
Running the command "\texttt{make menuconfig}" will bring up OpenWrt's configuration menu
screen, through this menu you can select which platform you're targeting, which versions of
the toolchain you want to use to build and what packages you want to install into the
-firmware image. Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,
+firmware image. Note that it will also check to make sure you have the basic dependencies for it
+to run correctly. If that fails, you will need to install some more tools in your local environment
+before you can begin.
+
+Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,
\texttt{y/m/n} which are represented as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\end{itemize}
After you've finished with the menu configuration, exit and when prompted, save your
-configuration changes. To begin compiling the firmware, type "\texttt{make}". By default
+configuration changes.
+
+If you want, you can also modify the kernel config for the selected target system.
+simply run "\texttt{make kernel\_menuconfig}" and the build system will unpack the kernel sources
+(if necessary), run menuconfig inside of the kernel tree, and then copy the kernel config
+to \texttt{target/linux/\textit{<platform>}/config} so that it is preserved over
+"\texttt{make clean}" calls.
+
+To begin compiling the firmware, type "\texttt{make}". By default
OpenWrt will only display a high level overview of the compile process and not each individual
command.
"\texttt{make V=99}".
During the build process, buildroot will download all sources to the "\texttt{dl}"
-directory and will start patching and compiling them in the "\texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}"
+directory and will start patching and compiling them in the "\texttt{build\_
dir/\textit{<arch>}}"
directory. When finished, the resulting firmware will be in the "\texttt{bin}" directory
and packages will be in the "\texttt{bin/packages}" directory.
\subsection{Creating packages}
-
One of the things that we've attempted to do with OpenWrt's template system is make it
incredibly easy to port software to OpenWrt. If you look at a typical package directory
in OpenWrt you'll find two things:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}
\item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/patches}
+ \item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/files}
\end{itemize}
The patches directory is optional and typically contains bug fixes or optimizations to
reduce the size of the executable. The package makefile is the important item, provides
the steps actually needed to download and compile the package.
+The files directory is also optional and typicall contains package specific startup scripts or default configuration files that can be used out of the box with OpenWrt.
+
Looking at one of the package makefiles, you'd hardly recognize it as a makefile.
Through what can only be described as blatant disregard and abuse of the traditional
make format, the makefile has been transformed into an object oriented template which
Here for example, is \texttt{package/bridge/Makefile}:
\begin{Verbatim}[frame=single,numbers=left]
+# $Id: Makefile 5624 2006-11-23 00:29:07Z nbd $
+
include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
PKG_NAME:=bridge
PKG_VERSION:=1.0.6
PKG_RELEASE:=1
-PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)
PKG_SOURCE:=bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION).tar.gz
PKG_SOURCE_URL:=@SF/bridge
PKG_MD5SUM:=9b7dc52656f5cbec846a7ba3299f73bd
PKG_CAT:=zcat
+PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)
+
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
define Package/bridge
- SECTION:=base
- CATEGORY:=Network
- DEFAULT:=y
+ SECTION:=net
+ CATEGORY:=Base system
TITLE:=Ethernet bridging configuration utility
URL:=http://bridge.sourceforge.net/
endef
define Package/bridge/description
-Ethernet bridging configuration utility
- Manage ethernet bridging; a way to connect networks together
- to form a larger network.
+ Manage ethernet bridging:
+ a way to connect networks together to form a larger network.
endef
define Build/Configure
- $(call Build/Configure/Default, \
- --with-linux-headers=$(LINUX_DIR))
+ $(call Build/Configure/Default, \
+ --with-linux-headers="$(LINUX_DIR)" \
+ )
endef
define Package/bridge/install
- install -m0755 -d $(1)/usr/sbin
- install -m0755 $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl \
- $(1)/usr/sbin/
+ $(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/sbin
+ $(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl $(1)/usr/sbin/
endef
$(eval $(call BuildPackage,bridge))
\end{Verbatim}
-
As you can see, there's not much work to be done; everything is hidden in other makefiles
and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
\item \texttt{PKG\_NAME} \\
The name of the package, as seen via menuconfig and ipkg
\item \texttt{PKG\_VERSION} \\
- The upstream version number that we're downloading
+ The upstream version number that we are downloading
\item \texttt{PKG\_RELEASE} \\
The version of this package Makefile
- \item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
- Where to compile the package
\item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE} \\
The filename of the original sources
\item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE\_URL} \\
- Where to download the sources from
+ Where to download the sources from (no trailing slash), you can add multiple download sources by separating them with a \\ and a carriage return.
\item \texttt{PKG\_MD5SUM} \\
A checksum to validate the download
\item \texttt{PKG\_CAT} \\
How to decompress the sources (zcat, bzcat, unzip)
+ \item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
+ Where to compile the package
\end{itemize}
The \texttt{PKG\_*} variables define where to download the package from;
-\texttt{@SF} is a special keyword for downloading packages from sourceforge.
-The md5sum is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and
+\texttt{@SF} is a special keyword for downloading packages from sourceforge. There is also
+another keyword of \texttt{@GNU} for grabbing GNU source releases. If any of the above mentionned download source fails, the OpenWrt mirrors will be used as source.
+
+The md5sum (if present) is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and
\texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} defines where to find the package after the sources are
uncompressed into \texttt{\$(BUILD\_DIR)}.
At the bottom of the file is where the real magic happens, "BuildPackage" is a macro
-setup by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly --
+set up by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly --
the name of the package to be built, in this case "\texttt{bridge}". All other information
is taken from the define blocks. This is a way of providing a level of verbosity, it's
inherently clear what the contents of the \texttt{description} template in
\item \texttt{SECTION} \\
The type of package (currently unused)
\item \texttt{CATEGORY} \\
- Which menu it appears in menuconfig
+ Which menu it appears in menuconfig: Network, Sound, Utilities, Multimedia ...
\item \texttt{TITLE} \\
A short description of the package
\item \texttt{URL} \\
\item \texttt{MAINTAINER} (optional) \\
Who to contact concerning the package
\item \texttt{DEPENDS} (optional) \\
- Which packages must be built/installed before this package
+ Which packages must be built/installed before this package. To reference a dependency defined in the
+ same Makefile, use \textit{<dependency name>}. If defined as an external package, use
+ \textit{+<dependency name>}. For a kernel version dependency use: \textit{@LINUX\_2\_<minor version>}
\end{itemize}
\textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/conffiles} (optional):} \\
\textbf{\texttt{Build/Configure} (optional):} \\
You can leave this undefined if the source doesn't use configure or has a
normal config script, otherwise you can put your own commands here or use
- "\texttt{\$(call Build/Configure/Default,\textit{<args>})}" as above to
- pass in additional arguments for a standard configure script.
+ "\texttt{\$(call Build/Configure/Default,\textit{<first list of arguments, second list>})}" as above to
+ pass in additional arguments for a standard configure script. The first list of arguments will be passed
+ to the configure script like that: \texttt{--arg 1} \texttt{--arg 2}. The second list contains arguments that should be
+ defined before running the configure script such as autoconf or compiler specific variables.
+
+ To make it easier to modify the configure command line, you can either extend or completely override the following variables:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{CONFIGURE\_ARGS} \\
+ Contains all command line arguments (format: \texttt{--arg 1} \texttt{--arg 2})
+ \item \texttt{CONFIGURE\_VARS} \\
+ Contains all environment variables that are passed to ./configure (format: \texttt{NAME="value"})
+ \end{itemize}
\textbf{\texttt{Build/Compile} (optional):} \\
How to compile the source; in most cases you should leave this undefined.
+
+ As with \texttt{Build/Configure} there are two variables that allow you to override
+ the make command line environment variables and flags:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{MAKE\_FLAGS} \\
+ Contains all command line arguments (typically variable overrides like \texttt{NAME="value"}
+ \item \texttt{MAKE\_VARS} \\
+ Contains all environment variables that are passed to the make command
+ \end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{\texttt{Build/InstallDev} (optional):} \\
+ If your package provides a library that needs to be made available to other packages,
+ you can use the \texttt{Build/InstallDev} template to copy it into the staging directory
+ which is used to collect all files that other packages might depend on at build time.
+ When it is called by the build system, two parameters are passed to it. \texttt{\$(1)} points to
+ the regular staging dir, typically \texttt{staging\_dir/\textit{ARCH}}, while \texttt{\$(2)} points
+ to \texttt{staging\_dir/host}. The host staging dir is only used for binaries, which are
+ to be executed or linked against on the host and its \texttt{bin/} subdirectory is included
+ in the \texttt{PATH} which is passed down to the build system processes.
+ Please use \texttt{\$(1)} and \texttt{\$(2)} here instead of the build system variables
+ \texttt{\$(STAGING\_DIR)} and \texttt{\$(STAGING\_DIR\_HOST)}, because the build system behavior
+ when staging libraries might change in the future to include automatic uninstallation.
\textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/install}:} \\
A set of commands to copy files out of the compiled source and into the ipkg
- which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory.
+ which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory. Note that there are currently
+ 4 defined install macros:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{INSTALL\_DIR} \\
+ install -d -m0755
+ \item \texttt{INSTALL\_BIN} \\
+ install -m0755
+ \item \texttt{INSTALL\_DATA} \\
+ install -m0644
+ \item \texttt{INSTALL\_CONF} \\
+ install -m0600
+ \end{itemize}
The reason that some of the defines are prefixed by "\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}"
and others are simply "\texttt{Build}" is because of the possibility of generating
multiple packages from a single source. OpenWrt works under the assumption of one
-source per package makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
+source per package Makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
desired. Since you only need to compile the sources once, there's one global set of
"\texttt{Build}" defines, but you can add as many "Package/<name>" defines as you want
by adding extra calls to \texttt{BuildPackage} -- see the dropbear package for an example.
-After you've created your \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}, the new package
+After you have created your \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}, the new package
will automatically show in the menu the next time you run "make menuconfig" and if selected
will be built automatically the next time "\texttt{make}" is run.
-\subsubsection{Troubleshooting}
+\subsection{Creating kernel modules packages}
+
+The OpenWrt distribution makes the distinction between two kind of kernel modules, those coming along with the mainline kernel, and the others available as a separate project. We will see later that a common template is used for both of them.
+
+For kernel modules that are part of the mainline kernel source, the makefiles are located in \textit{package/kernel/modules/*.mk} and they appear under the section "Kernel modules"
+
+For external kernel modules, you can add them to the build system just like if they were software packages by defining a KernelPackage section in the package makefile.
+
+Here for instance the Makefile for the I2C subsytem kernel modules :
+
+\begin{Verbatim}[frame=single,numbers=left]
+# $Id $
+
+I2CMENU:=I2C Bus
+
+define KernelPackage/i2c-core
+ TITLE:=I2C support
+ DESCRIPTION:=Kernel modules for i2c support
+ SUBMENU:=$(I2CMENU)
+ KCONFIG:=CONFIG_I2C_CORE CONFIG_I2C_DEV
+ FILES:=$(MODULES_DIR)/kernel/drivers/i2c/*.$(LINUX_KMOD_SUFFIX)
+ AUTOLOAD:=$(call AutoLoad,50,i2c-core i2c-dev)
+endef
+$(eval $(call KernelPackage,i2c-core))
+\end{Verbatim}
+
+To group kernel modules under a common description in menuconfig, you might want to define a \textit{<description>MENU} variable on top of the kernel modules makefile.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{TITLE} \\
+ The name of the module as seen via menuconfig
+ \item \texttt{DESCRIPTION} \\
+ The description as seen via help in menuconfig
+ \item \texttt{SUBMENU} \\
+ The sub menu under which this package will be seen
+ \item \texttt{KCONFIG} \\
+ Kernel configuration option dependency. For external modules, remove it.
+ \item \texttt{FILES} \\
+ Files you want to inlude to this kernel module package, separate with spaces.
+ \item \texttt{AUTOLOAD} \\
+ Modules that will be loaded automatically on boot, the order you write them is the order they would be loaded.
+\end{itemize}
+
+After you have created your \texttt{package/kernel/modules/\textit{<name>}.mk}, the new kernel modules package
+will automatically show in the menu under "Kernel modules" next time you run "make menuconfig" and if selected
+will be built automatically the next time "\texttt{make}" is run.
+
+\subsection{Conventions}
+
+There are a couple conventions to follow regarding packages:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{files}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item configuration files follow the convention \\
+ \texttt{\textit{<name>}.conf}
+ \item init files follow the convention \\
+ \texttt{\textit{<name>}.init}
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \item \texttt{patches}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item patches are numerically prefixed and named related to what they do
+ \end{enumerate}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Troubleshooting}
If you find your package doesn't show up in menuconfig, try the following command to
see if you get the correct description:
run one of the following:
\begin{itemize}
- \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-clean V=99}
- \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-install V=99}
+ \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}/clean V=99}
+ \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}/install V=99}
\end{itemize}
-Another nice trick is that if the source directory under \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}
+Another nice trick is that if the source directory under \texttt{build\_
dir/\textit{<arch>}}
is newer than the package directory, it won't clobber it by unpacking the sources again.
If you were working on a patch you could simply edit the sources under the
-\texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}/\textit{<source>}} directory and run the install command above,
+\texttt{build\_
dir/\textit{<arch>}/\textit{<source>}} directory and run the install command above,
when satisfied, copy the patched sources elsewhere and diff them with the unpatched
sources. A warning though - if you go modify anything under \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}}
it will remove the old sources and unpack a fresh copy.
+Other useful targets include:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}/prepare V=99}
+ \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}/compile V=99}
+ \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}/configure V=99}
+\end{itemize}
+
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