replace the ugly rb532 cmdline hack with a cleaner one that does not depend on magic...

[openwrt.git] / docs / build.tex

diff --git a/docs/build.tex b/docs/build.tex
index 1484dc6..1b7f764 100644 (file)
--- a/docs/build.tex
+++ b/docs/build.tex
@@ -1,43 +1,42 @@
 One of the biggest challenges to getting started with embedded devices is that you
 One of the biggest challenges to getting started with embedded devices is that you

-just can't install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
-Even if you did remember to install a compiler and every development tool offered, 
+can't just install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
+Even if you did remember to install a compiler and every development tool offered,

 you still wouldn't have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
 The embedded device represents an entirely new hardware platform, which is
 you still wouldn't have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
 The embedded device represents an entirely new hardware platform, which is

-incompatible with the hardware on your development machine, so in a process called 
+incompatible with the hardware on your development machine, so in a process called

 cross compiling you need to produce a new compiler capable of generating code for
 cross compiling you need to produce a new compiler capable of generating code for

-your embedded platform, and then use it to compile a basic Linux distribution to 
+your embedded platform, and then use it to compile a basic Linux distribution to

 run on your device.
 
 run on your device.
 

-The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it's not something that's 
-regularly attempted and so the there's a certain amount of mystery and black magic 
+The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it's not something that's
+regularly attempted and so there's a certain amount of mystery and black magic

 associated with it. In many cases when you're dealing with embedded devices you'll
 associated with it. In many cases when you're dealing with embedded devices you'll

-be provided with a binary copy of a compiler and basic libraries rather than 
-instructions for creating your own -- it's a time saving step but at the same time 
-often means you'll be using a rather dated set. Likewise, it's also common to be 
-provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor, 
+be provided with a binary copy of a compiler and basic libraries rather than
+instructions for creating your own -- it's a time saving step but at the same time
+often means you'll be using a rather dated set of tools. Likewise, it's also common
+to be provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,

 but this is also dated and it can be difficult to spot exactly what has been
 but this is also dated and it can be difficult to spot exactly what has been

-changed to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.
+modified to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.

 
 \subsection{Building an image}
 
 
 \subsection{Building an image}
 

-OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware, downloading, patching
-and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. Or to put it
-in simpler terms, OpenWrt doesn't contain any executables or even sources, it's an 
-automated system for downloading the sources, patching them to work with the given 
-platform and compiling them correctly for the platform. What this means is that
+OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware; downloading, patching
+and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. To put it
+in simpler terms, OpenWrt doesn't contain any executables or even sources, it's an
+automated system for downloading the sources, patching them to work with the given
+platform and compiling them correctly for that platform. What this means is that

 just by changing the template, you can change any step in the process.
 
 just by changing the template, you can change any step in the process.
 

-
-As an example, if a new kernel is released, a simple change to one of the Makefiles 
+As an example, if a new kernel is released, a simple change to one of the Makefiles

 will download the latest kernel, patch it to run on the embedded platform and produce
 will download the latest kernel, patch it to run on the embedded platform and produce

-a new firmware image -- there's no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified 
-copy of the existing kernel to see what changes had been made, the patches are 
-already provided and the process ends up almost completely transparent. This doesn't 
+a new firmware image -- there's no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified
+copy of the existing kernel to see what changes had been made, the patches are
+already provided and the process ends up almost completely transparent. This doesn't

 just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It's this one
 simple understated concept which is what allows OpenWrt to stay on the bleeding edge
 with the latest compilers, latest kernels and latest applications.
 
 just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It's this one
 simple understated concept which is what allows OpenWrt to stay on the bleeding edge
 with the latest compilers, latest kernels and latest applications.
 

-So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works
+So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works.

 
 
 \subsubsection{Download openwrt}
 
 
 \subsubsection{Download openwrt}


@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ This article refers to the "Kamikaze" branch of OpenWrt, which can be downloaded
 subversion using the following command:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}
 subversion using the following command:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}

-svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze
+$ svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze

 \end{Verbatim}
 
 Additionally, there's a trac interface on \href{https://dev.openwrt.org/}{https://dev.openwrt.org/}
 \end{Verbatim}
 
 Additionally, there's a trac interface on \href{https://dev.openwrt.org/}{https://dev.openwrt.org/}


@@ -58,14 +57,14 @@ which can be used to monitor svn commits and browse the sources.
 There are four key directories in the base:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 There are four key directories in the base:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-       \item tools
-       \item toolchain
-       \item package
-       \item target
+    \item \texttt{tools}
+    \item \texttt{toolchain}
+    \item \texttt{package}
+    \item \texttt{target}

 \end{itemize}
 
 \texttt{tools} and \texttt{toolchain} refer to common tools which will be
 \end{itemize}
 
 \texttt{tools} and \texttt{toolchain} refer to common tools which will be

-used to build the firmware image and the compiler and c library. 
+used to build the firmware image, the compiler, and the c library.

 The result of this is three new directories, \texttt{tool\_build}, which is a temporary
 directory for building the target independent tools, \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
 which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and
 The result of this is three new directories, \texttt{tool\_build}, which is a temporary
 directory for building the target independent tools, \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
 which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and


@@ -73,13 +72,33 @@ which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and
 You won't need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to
 add a new version of one of the components above.
 
 You won't need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to
 add a new version of one of the components above.
 

-\texttt{package} is for exactly that -- packages. In an OpenWrt firmware, almost everything 
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \texttt{tool\_build}
+    \item \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\texttt{package} is for exactly that -- packages. In an OpenWrt firmware, almost everything

 is an \texttt{.ipk}, a software package which can be added to the firmware to provide new
 is an \texttt{.ipk}, a software package which can be added to the firmware to provide new

-features or removed to save space.
+features or removed to save space. Note that packages are also maintained outside of the main
+trunk and can be obtained from subversion at the following location:
+
+\begin{Verbatim}
+$ svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/packages ../packages
+\end{Verbatim}
+
+Those packages can be used to extend the functionality of the build system and need to be
+symlinked into the main trunk. Once you do that, the packages will show up in the menu for
+configuration. From kamikaze you would do something like this:
+
+\begin{Verbatim}
+$ ls
+kamikaze  packages
+$ ln -s packages/net/nmap kamikaze/package/nmap
+\end{Verbatim}

 
 \texttt{target} refers to the embedded platform, this contains items which are specific to
 
 \texttt{target} refers to the embedded platform, this contains items which are specific to

-a specific embedded platform. Of particular interest here is the "\texttt{target/linux}" 
-directory which is broken down by platform and contains the kernel config and patches 
+a specific embedded platform. Of particular interest here is the "\texttt{target/linux}"
+directory which is broken down by platform and contains the kernel config and patches

 to the kernel for a particular platform. There's also the "\texttt{target/image}" directory
 which describes how to package a firmware for a specific platform.
 
 to the kernel for a particular platform. There's also the "\texttt{target/image}" directory
 which describes how to package a firmware for a specific platform.
 


@@ -87,6 +106,10 @@ Both the target and package steps will use the directory "\texttt{build\_\textit
 as a temporary directory for compiling. Additionally, anything downloaded by the toolchain,
 target or package steps will be placed in the "\texttt{dl}" directory.
 
 as a temporary directory for compiling. Additionally, anything downloaded by the toolchain,
 target or package steps will be placed in the "\texttt{dl}" directory.
 

+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}
+    \item \texttt{dl}
+\end{itemize}

 
 \subsubsection{Building OpenWrt}
 
 
 \subsubsection{Building OpenWrt}
 


@@ -95,20 +118,24 @@ simple enough that an inexperienced end user can easily build his or her own cus
 
 Running the command "\texttt{make menuconfig}" will bring up OpenWrt's configuration menu
 screen, through this menu you can select which platform you're targeting, which versions of
 
 Running the command "\texttt{make menuconfig}" will bring up OpenWrt's configuration menu
 screen, through this menu you can select which platform you're targeting, which versions of

-the toolchain you want to use to build and what packages you want to install into the 
-firmware image. Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices, 
+the toolchain you want to use to build and what packages you want to install into the
+firmware image. Note that it will also check to make sure you have the basic dependencies for it
+to run correctly.  If that fails, you will need to install some more tools in your local environment
+before you can begin.
+
+Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,

 \texttt{y/m/n} which are represented as follows:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 \texttt{y/m/n} which are represented as follows:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-       \item{\texttt{<*>} (pressing y)} \\
-               This will be included in the firmware image
-       \item{\texttt{<M>} (pressing m)} \\
-               This will be compiled but not included (for later install)
-       \item{\texttt{< >} (pressing n)} \\
-               This will not be compiled
+    \item{\texttt{<*>} (pressing y)} \\
+        This will be included in the firmware image
+    \item{\texttt{<M>} (pressing m)} \\
+        This will be compiled but not included (for later install)
+    \item{\texttt{< >} (pressing n)} \\
+        This will not be compiled

 \end{itemize}
 
 \end{itemize}
 

-After you've finished with the menu configuration, exit and when prompted, save your 
+After you've finished with the menu configuration, exit and when prompted, save your

 configuration changes. To begin compiling the firmware, type "\texttt{make}". By default
 OpenWrt will only display a high level overview of the compile process and not each individual
 command.
 configuration changes. To begin compiling the firmware, type "\texttt{make}". By default
 OpenWrt will only display a high level overview of the compile process and not each individual
 command.


@@ -126,10 +153,10 @@ make[4] -C target/utils prepare
 \end{Verbatim}
 
 This makes it easier to monitor which step it's actually compiling and reduces the amount
 \end{Verbatim}
 
 This makes it easier to monitor which step it's actually compiling and reduces the amount

-of noise caused by the compile output. To see the full output, run the command 
+of noise caused by the compile output. To see the full output, run the command

 "\texttt{make V=99}".
 
 "\texttt{make V=99}".
 

-During the build process, buildroot will download all sources to the "\texttt{dl}" 
+During the build process, buildroot will download all sources to the "\texttt{dl}"

 directory and will start patching and compiling them in the "\texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}"
 directory. When finished, the resulting firmware will be in the "\texttt{bin}" directory
 and packages will be in the "\texttt{bin/packages}" directory.
 directory and will start patching and compiling them in the "\texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}"
 directory. When finished, the resulting firmware will be in the "\texttt{bin}" directory
 and packages will be in the "\texttt{bin/packages}" directory.


@@ -137,14 +164,13 @@ and packages will be in the "\texttt{bin/packages}" directory.
 
 \subsection{Creating packages}
 
 
 \subsection{Creating packages}
 

-

 One of the things that we've attempted to do with OpenWrt's template system is make it
 incredibly easy to port software to OpenWrt. If you look at a typical package directory
 in OpenWrt you'll find two things:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 One of the things that we've attempted to do with OpenWrt's template system is make it
 incredibly easy to port software to OpenWrt. If you look at a typical package directory
 in OpenWrt you'll find two things:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-       \item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}
-       \item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/patches}
+    \item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}
+    \item \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/patches}

 \end{itemize}
 
 The patches directory is optional and typically contains bug fixes or optimizations to
 \end{itemize}
 
 The patches directory is optional and typically contains bug fixes or optimizations to


@@ -159,79 +185,85 @@ simplifies the entire ordeal.
 Here for example, is \texttt{package/bridge/Makefile}:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}[frame=single,numbers=left]
 Here for example, is \texttt{package/bridge/Makefile}:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}[frame=single,numbers=left]

+#
+# Copyright (C) 2006 OpenWrt.org
+#
+# This is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License v2.
+# See /LICENSE for more information.
+#
+# $Id: Makefile 5624 2006-11-23 00:29:07Z nbd $
+

 include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
 
 PKG_NAME:=bridge
 PKG_VERSION:=1.0.6
 PKG_RELEASE:=1
 
 include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
 
 PKG_NAME:=bridge
 PKG_VERSION:=1.0.6
 PKG_RELEASE:=1
 

-PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)

 PKG_SOURCE:=bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION).tar.gz
 PKG_SOURCE_URL:=@SF/bridge
 PKG_MD5SUM:=9b7dc52656f5cbec846a7ba3299f73bd
 PKG_CAT:=zcat
 
 PKG_SOURCE:=bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION).tar.gz
 PKG_SOURCE_URL:=@SF/bridge
 PKG_MD5SUM:=9b7dc52656f5cbec846a7ba3299f73bd
 PKG_CAT:=zcat
 

+PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)
+

 include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
 
 define Package/bridge
 include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
 
 define Package/bridge

-  SECTION:=base
-  CATEGORY:=Network
-  DEFAULT:=y
+  SECTION:=net
+  CATEGORY:=Base system

   TITLE:=Ethernet bridging configuration utility
   TITLE:=Ethernet bridging configuration utility

+  DESCRIPTION:=\
+    Manage ethernet bridging: a way to connect networks together to \\\
+    form a larger network.

   URL:=http://bridge.sourceforge.net/
 endef
 
   URL:=http://bridge.sourceforge.net/
 endef
 

-define Package/bridge/description
-Ethernet bridging configuration utility
-  Manage ethernet bridging; a way to connect networks together
-  to form a larger network.
-endef
-

 define Build/Configure
 define Build/Configure

-  $(call Build/Configure/Default, \
-    --with-linux-headers=$(LINUX_DIR))
+    $(call Build/Configure/Default, \
+        --with-linux-headers="$(LINUX_DIR)" \
+    )

 endef
 
 define Package/bridge/install
 endef
 
 define Package/bridge/install

-       install -m0755 -d $(1)/usr/sbin
-       install -m0755 $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl \
-               $(1)/usr/sbin/
+    $(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/sbin
+    $(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl $(1)/usr/sbin/

 endef
 
 $(eval $(call BuildPackage,bridge))
 \end{Verbatim}
 
 endef
 
 $(eval $(call BuildPackage,bridge))
 \end{Verbatim}
 

-

 As you can see, there's not much work to be done; everything is hidden in other makefiles
 and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
 
 \begin{itemize}
 As you can see, there's not much work to be done; everything is hidden in other makefiles
 and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
 
 \begin{itemize}

-       \item \texttt{PKG\_NAME} \\
-               The name of the package, as seen via menuconfig and ipkg
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_VERSION} \\
-               The upstream version number that we're downloading
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_RELEASE} \\
-               The version of this package Makefile
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
-               Where to compile the package
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE} \\
-               The filename of the original sources
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE\_URL} \\
-               Where to download the sources from
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_MD5SUM} \\
-               A checksum to validate the download
-       \item \texttt{PKG\_CAT} \\
-               How to decompress the sources (zcat, bzcat, unzip)
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_NAME} \\
+        The name of the package, as seen via menuconfig and ipkg
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_VERSION} \\
+        The upstream version number that we're downloading
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_RELEASE} \\
+        The version of this package Makefile
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE} \\
+        The filename of the original sources
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE\_URL} \\
+        Where to download the sources from (no trailing slash)
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_MD5SUM} \\
+        A checksum to validate the download
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_CAT} \\
+        How to decompress the sources (zcat, bzcat, unzip)
+    \item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
+        Where to compile the package

 \end{itemize}
 
 The \texttt{PKG\_*} variables define where to download the package from;
 \end{itemize}
 
 The \texttt{PKG\_*} variables define where to download the package from;

-\texttt{@SF} is a special keyword for downloading packages from sourceforge. 
+\texttt{@SF} is a special keyword for downloading packages from sourceforge. There is also
+another keyword of \texttt{@GNU} for grabbing GNU source releases.
+

 The md5sum is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and
 \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} defines where to find the package after the sources are
 uncompressed into \texttt{\$(BUILD\_DIR)}.
 
 At the bottom of the file is where the real magic happens, "BuildPackage" is a macro
 The md5sum is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and
 \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} defines where to find the package after the sources are
 uncompressed into \texttt{\$(BUILD\_DIR)}.
 
 At the bottom of the file is where the real magic happens, "BuildPackage" is a macro

-setup by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly -- 
+set up by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly --

 the name of the package to be built, in this case "\texttt{bridge}". All other information
 is taken from the define blocks. This is a way of providing a level of verbosity, it's
 inherently clear what the contents of the \texttt{description} template in
 the name of the package to be built, in this case "\texttt{bridge}". All other information
 is taken from the define blocks. This is a way of providing a level of verbosity, it's
 inherently clear what the contents of the \texttt{description} template in


@@ -241,28 +273,28 @@ directly as the Nth argument to \texttt{BuildPackage}.
 \texttt{BuildPackage} uses the following defines:
 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}:} \\
 \texttt{BuildPackage} uses the following defines:
 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}:} \\

-       \texttt{\textit{<name>}} matches the argument passed to buildroot, this describes
-       the package the menuconfig and ipkg entries. Within \texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}
-       you can define the following variables:
-
-       \begin{itemize}
-               \item \texttt{SECTION} \\
-                       The type of package (currently unused)
-               \item \texttt{CATEGORY} \\
-                       Which menu it appears in menuconfig
-               \item \texttt{TITLE} \\
-                       A short description of the package
-               \item \texttt{URL} \\
-                       Where to find the original software
-               \item \texttt{MAINTAINER} (optional) \\
-                       Who to contact concerning the package
-               \item \texttt{DEPENDS} (optional) \\
-                       Which packages must be built/installed before this package
-       \end{itemize}
+    \texttt{\textit{<name>}} matches the argument passed to buildroot, this describes
+    the package the menuconfig and ipkg entries. Within \texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}
+    you can define the following variables:
+
+    \begin{itemize}
+        \item \texttt{SECTION} \\
+            The type of package (currently unused)
+        \item \texttt{CATEGORY} \\
+            Which menu it appears in menuconfig
+        \item \texttt{TITLE} \\
+            A short description of the package
+        \item \texttt{URL} \\
+            Where to find the original software
+        \item \texttt{MAINTAINER} (optional) \\
+            Who to contact concerning the package
+        \item \texttt{DEPENDS} (optional) \\
+            Which packages must be built/installed before this package
+    \end{itemize}

 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/conffiles} (optional):} \\
    A list of config files installed by this package, one file per line.
 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/conffiles} (optional):} \\
    A list of config files installed by this package, one file per line.

- 
+

 \textbf{\texttt{Build/Prepare} (optional):} \\
    A set of commands to unpack and patch the sources. You may safely leave this
    undefined.
 \textbf{\texttt{Build/Prepare} (optional):} \\
    A set of commands to unpack and patch the sources. You may safely leave this
    undefined.


@@ -278,23 +310,51 @@ directly as the Nth argument to \texttt{BuildPackage}.
 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/install}:} \\
    A set of commands to copy files out of the compiled source and into the ipkg
 
 \textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/install}:} \\
    A set of commands to copy files out of the compiled source and into the ipkg

-   which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory.
-   
+   which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory. Note that there are currently
+   3 defined install macros:
+   \begin{itemize}
+       \item \texttt{INSTALL\_DIR} \\
+           install -d -m0755
+       \item \texttt{INSTALL\_BIN} \\
+           install -m0755
+       \item \texttt{INSTALL\_DATA} \\
+           install -m0644
+   \end{itemize}
+

 The reason that some of the defines are prefixed by "\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}"
 and others are simply "\texttt{Build}" is because of the possibility of generating
 The reason that some of the defines are prefixed by "\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}"
 and others are simply "\texttt{Build}" is because of the possibility of generating

-multiple packages from a single source. OpenWrt works under the assumption of one 
-source per package makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
-desired. Since you only need to compile the sources once, there's one global set of 
+multiple packages from a single source. OpenWrt works under the assumption of one
+source per package Makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
+desired. Since you only need to compile the sources once, there's one global set of

 "\texttt{Build}" defines, but you can add as many "Package/<name>" defines as you want
 by adding extra calls to \texttt{BuildPackage} -- see the dropbear package for an example.
 
 "\texttt{Build}" defines, but you can add as many "Package/<name>" defines as you want
 by adding extra calls to \texttt{BuildPackage} -- see the dropbear package for an example.
 

-After you've created your \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}, the new package 
+After you've created your \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}/Makefile}, the new package

 will automatically show in the menu the next time you run "make menuconfig" and if selected
 will be built automatically the next time "\texttt{make}" is run.
 
 will automatically show in the menu the next time you run "make menuconfig" and if selected
 will be built automatically the next time "\texttt{make}" is run.
 

-\subsubsection{Troubleshooting}

 
 

-If you find your package doesn't show up in menuconfig, try the following command to 
+\subsection{Conventions}
+
+There are a couple conventions to follow regarding packages:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \texttt{files}
+    \begin{enumerate}
+        \item configuration files follow the convention \\
+        \texttt{\textit{<name>}.conf}
+        \item init files follow the convention \\
+        \texttt{\textit{<name>}.init}
+    \end{enumerate}
+    \item \texttt{patches}
+    \begin{enumerate}
+        \item patches are numerically prefixed and named related to what they do
+    \end{enumerate}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Troubleshooting}
+
+If you find your package doesn't show up in menuconfig, try the following command to

 see if you get the correct description:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}
 see if you get the correct description:
 
 \begin{Verbatim}


@@ -306,15 +366,23 @@ shortcuts you can take. Instead of waiting for make to get to your package, you
 run one of the following:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 run one of the following:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-       \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-clean V=99}
-       \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-install V=99}
+    \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-clean V=99}
+    \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-install V=99}

 \end{itemize}
 
 Another nice trick is that if the source directory under \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}
 is newer than the package directory, it won't clobber it by unpacking the sources again.
 If you were working on a patch you could simply edit the sources under the
 \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}/\textit{<source>}} directory and run the install command above,
 \end{itemize}
 
 Another nice trick is that if the source directory under \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}
 is newer than the package directory, it won't clobber it by unpacking the sources again.
 If you were working on a patch you could simply edit the sources under the
 \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}/\textit{<source>}} directory and run the install command above,

-when satisfied, copy the patched sources elsewhere and diff them with the unpatched 
+when satisfied, copy the patched sources elsewhere and diff them with the unpatched

 sources. A warning though - if you go modify anything under \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}}
 it will remove the old sources and unpack a fresh copy.
 
 sources. A warning though - if you go modify anything under \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}}
 it will remove the old sources and unpack a fresh copy.
 

+Other useful targets include:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-prepare V=99}
+    \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-compile V=99}
+    \item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-configure V=99}
+\end{itemize}
+